Share. Mulvey's contribution, however, initiated the intersection of film theory, psychoanalysis and feminism. Additionally, feminist critiques also examine common stereotypes depicted in film, the extent to which the women were shown as active or passive, and the amount of screen time given to women. [24], The early work of Marjorie Rosen and Molly Haskell on the representation of women in film was part of a movement to depict women more realistically, both in documentaries and narrative cinema. [29] Derif Zaid. The growing female presence in the film industry was seen as a positive step toward realizing this goal, by drawing attention to feminist issues and putting forth an alternative, true-to-life view of women. It’s the third person in the room- the audience who is capable and meant to identify with the male character, and in viewing the female is able to have her for their own viewing pleasure. Tap to unmute. Feminist film theory criticizes classical cinema for its stereotyped representation of women. Through consciousness of the means of production and opposition of sexist ideologies, films made by women have the potential to posit an alternative to traditional Hollywood films. As these areas have grown the framework created in feminist film theory have been adapted to fit into analysing other forms of media.[22]. The development of feminist film theory was influenced by second wave feminism and women's studies in the 1960s and 1970s. Download. [30] Miriam Hansen, in "Pleasure, Ambivalence, Identification: Valentino and Female Spectatorship" (1984) put forth the idea that women are also able to view male characters as erotic objects of desire. Feminist theory, or feminism, is support of equality for women and men. Film Theory is an academic discipline that aims to explore cinema through it’s relation to it’s connection to society at large; understanding films relationship to reality,  art, individual viewers and society at large. Download Full PDF Package. [30] A new version of the gaze was offered in the early 1990s by Bracha Ettinger, who proposed the notion of the "matrixial gaze". Whether or not this television show has chosen to condemn the sexual harassment of women in that time, or depict it as some kind of a lament to the glory days could be a feminist film theorists argument on it’s own and for another time. It examines how women of colour are portrayed next to their white female counterparts as well. [11] Feminist Film Theory Feminist film theory has emerged in the past 20 years to become a large and flourishing field. It is best understood as both an intellectual and a normative project. Camera Obscura is still published to this day by Duke University Press and has moved from just film theory to media studies. Feminist theory has been foundational to the establishment and development of film studies as a discipline. Carol Clover, in her popular and influential book, Men, Women, and Chainsaws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film (Princeton University Press, 1992), argues that young male viewers of the Horror Genre (young males being the primary demographic) are quite prepared to identify with the female-in-jeopardy, a key component of the horror narrative, and to identify on an unexpectedly profound level. In the 1970s, the women’s movement aimed to increase the presence and agency of women, whilst film studies recognized the value of visibility and popular culture within what is essentially a political project. Or begs the question- where are the shows that have a woman with a disability as the protagonist? Page 7-8. Feminist Film Theory, generally is about theoretical film criticism that arises from feminist politics and theories governed by the second wave feminism rooted from sociological theories concentrated on the how the public scrutinizes how women delivers the attitudes, scenarios, and characters given to them to portray in a particular film in a television or cinema screens. Prior to Mulvey, film theorists such as Jean-Louis Baudry and Christian Metz used psychoanalytic ideas in their theoretical accounts of cinema. A key idea of feminist film theory, the concept of the male gaze was introduced by scholar and filmmaker Laura Mulvey in her now famous 1975 essay, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. It means that women have acting speaking parts that are of influence to the plot development, not just serving as a catalyst to progress the “manlieness” and control of the male protagonist with lines in the form of questions directed at the male character. Feminist Film Theory also might look at how women of a particular colour or body type are cast and in which kinds of roles? An example of this juxtaposition lies in the kind of passive roles assigned to women that are meant to expose or solidify the opposite “masculinity” which the male character or heteronormative character portrays. Its dominant approach, exemplifed by such journals as Screen and Camera Obscura, involves a theoretical combination of semiotics, Althusserian Marxism, and Lacanian psychoanalysis. "[23]:28 Mulvey argues that the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan is the key to understanding how film creates such a space for female sexual objectification and exploitation through the combination of the patriarchal order of society, and 'looking' in itself as a pleasurable act of scopophilia, as "the cinema satisfies a primordial wish for pleasurable looking."[23]:31. hooks, bell. Feminist Film Theory  is a theoretical film criticism derived from Feminist Theory that was brought about during the second wave of feminism and largely developed by the introduction to Women’s Studies in 1960 and 1970. This paper. Thelma And Louise. Additionally, they have begun to explore notions of difference, engaging in dialogue about the differences among women (part of movement away from essentialism in feminist work more generally), the various methodologies and perspectives contained under the umbrella of feminist film theory, and the multiplicity of methods and intended effects that influence the development of films. Laura Mulvey, in response to these and other criticisms, revisited the topic in "Afterthoughts on 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema' inspired by Duel in the Sun" (1981). Download PDF. The first is the perspective of the male character and how he perceives the female character. A short summary of this paper. [23]:28, In the paper, Mulvey calls for a destruction of modern film structure as the only way to free women from their sexual objectification in film. Sue Thornham Feminist Film Theory A Reader Book Fi. Beyond the Gaze: Recent Approaches to Film Feminisms. Download. (They see this type ofrepresentation as unreal)Representation and Spectatorship are central toFeminist Theory. In modern film structure, males dominance or “maleness” is defined in contrast to the passive feminine role. What is commonly understood as feminist theory accompanied the feminist movement in the mid-seventies, though there are key texts from the 19th and early- to mid-20th centuries that represent early feminist thought. present the feminist narratives in animated films, one of the most popular film genres today. According to The Routledge Encyclopedia of Film Theory, Film Theory is “…a set of scholarly approaches within the academic discipline of cinema studies that question the essentialism of cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to reality, the other arts, individual viewers, and society at large." Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "feminist film theory" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. Smelik, Anneke. The struggle should not be over representation, but over representations; what is needed to challenge patriarchy is not an altered epistemological relation to the real, but altered representations. Women are there to be objects to be viewed, whose lines, though few, are often in the form of questions allowing the male to maintain the active role in the film, the character that is identified with. First Nations Film maker, Colleen Cardinal- Documenting Cultural Genocide, Rashida Jones takes us into the world of Miami’s amateur porn industry as the producer of the new documentary, “Hot Girls Wanted.”, Woman to Watch: Lindsay Mackay, writer and director of feature film, Wet Bum, Sexual harassment of television personalities is becoming less of a laughing matter: Hydro One Fires Employee over Sexual Harassment & Canadian Television News Anchor takes down “FHRITP”. "New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. Feminist theory explores both inequality in gender relations and the constitution of gender. McHugh, Kathleen and Vivian Sobchack. Mulvey also asserts that the dominance men embody is only so because women exist, as without a woman for comparison, a man and his supremacy as the controller of visual pleasure are insignificant. A film that displays feminist philosophy and shows action through a female(s) point of view, often discussing political, economical and cultural oppression of women in society. 2. Feminist Film Theory also concerns itself with identity – how we create identity- particularly around gender. A short summary of this paper. Raberger, Ursula: New Queer Oz: Feministische Filmtheorie und weibliche Homosexualiät in zwei Filmen von Samantha Lang. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. Feminism, the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. The inference is that she includes female spectators in that, identifying with the male observer rather than the female object of the gaze. Feminist film theory; Feminist film theory. [23], Mulvey's argument is likely influenced by the time period in which she was writing. While Laura Mulvey's paper has a particular place in the feminist film theory, it is important to note that her ideas regarding ways of watching the cinema (from the voyeuristic element to the feelings of identification) are important to some feminist film theorists in terms of defining spectatorship from the psychoanalytical viewpoint. READ PAPER. Analysis generally focused on the meaning within a film's text and the way in which the text constructs a viewing subject. A persentation about the Feminist Theory Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Feminist film theory, such as Marjorie Rosen's Popcorn Venus: Women, Movies, and the American Dream (1973) and Molly Haskell’s From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in Movies (1974) analyze the ways in which women are portrayed in film, and how this relates to a broader historical context. Other theorists who wrote about feminist film theory and race include bell hooks and Michele Wallace. With the advancements in film throughout the years feminist film theory has developed and changed to analyse the current ways of film and also go back to analyse films past. It means seeing women as funny, intelligent and complex as the ones we know in real life. Feminist theatre, according to my definition of feminism, is theatre that provides an alternative not just to the male gaze but also to the normative gaze by intervening in cultural assumptions about identity, dismantling binaries, and creating equality. The “oppositional gaze” is a response to Mulvey's visual pleasure and states that just as women do not identify with female characters that are not "real," women of color should respond similarly to the one denominational caricatures of black women. Feminist Film Theory is a theoretical film criticism derived from Feminist Theory that was brought about during the second wave of feminism and largely developed by the introduction to Women’s Studies in 1960 and 1970. The character of … Many Christian weddings tend to have five verses from the Bible incorporated into them in some way. Derif Zaid. Page 1 of 50 - About 500 essays. Feminism is the doctrine advocating social, political, and economic rights for women equal to those of men. Reflection On Womanism 904 Words | 4 Pages (Phillips, 2006), I was unsure of what to expect. Jane Gaines's essay "White Privilege and Looking Relations: Race and Gender in Feminist Film Theory" examined the erasure of black women in cinema by white male filmmakers. Click here to watch. With the advancements in film throughout the years feminist film theory has developed and changed to analyse the current ways of film and also go back to analyse films past. [1] Initially in the United States in the early 1970s feminist film theory was generally based on sociological theory and focused on the function of female characters in film narratives or genres. It also examined how the process of cinematic production affects how women are represented and reinforces sexism. Rather than the rationallyself-interested individual presumed by liberal political theory or theself-contained and independent cogitopresumed by Cartesianepistemology, Freud puts forward a divided subject, unknow… Sexual objectification can be seen by analyzing the passive roles given to women throughout the narrative of the story. "And The Mirror Cracked: Feminist Cinema and Film Theory. It means that audience members are capable of identifying themselves with that character, not just look at her. 3. The film journal Jump Cut published a special issue about titled "Lesbians and Film" in 1981 which examined the lack of lesbian identities in film. Download PDF. The male gaze suggests that women’s role is exhibitionist- she is there to be looked at- to bear meaning, but not to make meaning. “The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectators.”, African-American women's suffrage movement, List of female film and television directors, http://www.asu.edu/courses/fms504/total-readings/mulvey-visualpleasure.pdf, "Feminist Film Criticism in the 21st Century", Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, New Review of Film and Television Studies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_film_theory&oldid=1003870319, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Bracha L. Ettinger (1999), "Matrixial Gaze and Screen: Other than Phallic and Beyond the Late Lacan." Rich goes on to say that because of this feminist theory needs to focus on how film by women are being received. Feminist film is largely associated with critical theory, taking an avant-garde approach to filmmaking. It is now possible to make some tentative assessments of feminist film criticism, find some perspective on the past and discuss directions for the future. "Women’s Cinema as Counter Cinema.". Feminist film theory is a film criticism derived from feminist politics and feminist theory. The development of feminist film theory was influenced by second wave feminism and the development of women's studies within the academy. Voyeurism is the pleasure of looking and plays a huge part in the sexual objectification of women in film. Feminist theory is the extension of feminism (the quest for eq… Feminist film theory is theoretical film criticism derived fro… an imaginary object - the 'image of the penis' The work cited … Feminist film theory is a theoretical film criticism derived from feminist politics and feminist theory influenced by Second Wave Feminism and brought about around the 1970s in the United States. While Lola Young argues that filmmakers of all races fail to break away from the use to tired stereotypes when depicting black women. The only way to do so, Mulvey argues, is by destroying the element of voyeurism and "the invisible guest". [3], British feminist film theorist, Laura Mulvey, best known for her essay, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema", written in 1973 and published in 1975 in the influential British film theory journal, Screen[4] was influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan. In reaction to this article, many women filmmakers integrated "alternative forms and experimental techniques" to "encourage audiences to critique the seemingly transparent images on the screen and to question the manipulative techniques of filming and editing". Feminist film theory is theoretical film criticism derived from feminist politics and feminist theory. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. "Visual Pleasure" is one of the first major essays that helped shift the orientation of film theory towards a psychoanalytic framework. As an oppressed group, women have been unable to achieve their potential, receive rewards, or gain full participation in society. The development of feminist film theory was influenced by second wave feminism and the development of women's studies in the 1960s and '70s. Feminist scholars began taking cues from the new theories arising from these movements to analyzing film. In addressing the heterosexual female spectator, she revised her stance to argue that women can take two possible roles in relation to film: a masochistic identification with the female object of desire that is ultimately self-defeating, or a transgender identification with men as the active viewers of the text. Feminism & Theory Feminist theory is founded on three main principles (Ropers-Huilman, 2002). READ PAPER. Theoretical discourses such as semiotics and psychoanalysis in classical feminist film theory have been used to analyze the ways in which sexual difference is encoded in conventional narratives. Eventually, these ideas gained hold within the American scholarly community in the 1980s. [30] In "The Master's Dollhouse: Rear Window," Tania Modleski argues that Hitchcock's film, Rear Window, is an example of the power of male gazer and the position of the female as a prisoner of the "master's dollhouse".[31]. Women are to be looked at, but not identified with. Women have something valuable to contribute to every aspect of the world. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" was composed during the period of second-wave feminism, which was concerned with achieving equality for women in the workplace, and with exploring the psychological implications of sexual stereotypes. [5], In 1976 the journal Camera Obscura was published by beginning grad students Janet Bergstrom, Sandy Flitterman, Elisabeth Lyon, and Constance Penley to talk about how women where in films but they were excluded in the development of those films or erased from the process. [27], B. Ruby Rich argues that feminist film theory should shift to look at films in a broader sense. Feminist film theoryFeminist view film to be a cultural practiserepresenting myths about women and femininity aswell as men and masculinity. ‘Woman and film’ and ‘woman in film’ have only existed as critical concepts for roughly a decade. Budd Boetticher summarizes the view: Laura Mulvey expands on this conception to argue that in cinema, women are typically depicted in a passive role that provides visual pleasure through scopophilia,[23]:30 and identification with the on-screen male actor. A man’s dominance is cemented through the child like and passive roles created for women, for which men can derive satisfaction and superiority next to their “softer” female counterparts. series “Transparent” is pushing boundaries in Trans Women’s visibility, Top Women in Canada’s Film Industry say, “WE NEED MORE WOMEN AT THE WRITING TABLE.”, A Call to Action. multiple ways of reading. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller: 2009, 128 p. (German), This page was last edited on 31 January 2021, at 02:41. Famous feminist film theorist, Laura Murvey argued for the eradication of female sexual objectivity-  that in order for women to be equally represented in the workplace, women must be portrayed as men are: lacking sexual objectification. Sue Thornham Feminist Film Theory A Reader Book Fi. feminist film theory itself, phenomena of the late 1960s and early 1970s: the women's movement, independent filmmaking, and academic film studies. Sue Thornham Feminist Film Theory A Reader Book Fi. While acknowledging the value in inserting positive representations of women in film, some critics asserted that real change would only come about from reconsidering the role of film in society, often from a semiotic point of view. The test, created by comic artist Alison Bechdel in 1985, asks whether a film has at least two female characters and at least one scene in which they talk to … “Introduction: Recent Approaches to Film Feminisms.”, Johnston, Claire. While most feminist theorists throughout history have been women, people of all genders can be found working in the discipline today. It is an alternative theory, which attempts to look at women's oppressed positions in today's society. Feminist theatre, according to my definition of feminism, is theatre that provides an alternative not just to the male gaze but also to the normative gaze by intervening in cultural assumptions about identity, dismantling binaries, and creating equality. List of select feminist film theorists and critics. [28], Coming from a black feminist perspective, American scholar, bell hooks, put forth the notion of the “oppositional gaze,” encouraging black women not to accept stereotypical representations in film, but rather actively critique them. An example of this is the lack of love interests depicted in hollywood films by females who are not thin, white and conventionally “good looking,” or how women of colour are limited to type casted roles which convey racist stereotypes. Feminist theory in education generally has aligned itself with frameworks, trends, and categories in the larger academy. series, Mad Men. What Is Feminist Theory? [19] Scholars in recent years have also turned their attention towards women in the silent film industry and their erasure from the history of those films and women's bodies and how they are portrayed in the films. Rich, B. Ruby. [20][21] Jane Gaines's Women's Film Pioneer Project (WFPP), a database of women who worked in the silent-era film industry, has been cited as a major achievement in recognizing pioneering women in the field of silent and non-silent film by scholars such as Rachel Schaff. Opportunity to try your hand at Comedy Shorts because WOMEN ARE FUNNY. Definition of Feminist Film Theory: A research method that focuses on gender inequality and feminine discourse. [21], As of recent years many believe feminist film theory to be a fading area of feminism with the massive amount of coverage currently around media studies and theory. These verses come from the book of 1 Corinthians and they deal specifically with love. For Mulvey, it is the presence of the female that defines the patriarchal order of society as well as the male psychology of thought. Its aim is to adequately represent female subjectivity and female desire on the silver screen. Sue Thornham Feminist Film Theory A Reader Book Fi . [2], In contrast, film theoreticians in England concerned themselves with critical theory, psychoanalysis, semiotics, and Marxism. The Ottawa International Film Festival: Miss Conception with Melinda Shankar, Listen Up: Natalie Lacosse on the Overrepresentation of Canada’s Indigenous population in Correctional Facilities, Script Writing: The Musicality of Dialogue. Feminists have many approaches to cinema analysis, regarding the film elements analysed and their theoretical underpinnings. First, I must offer my definition of feminist theatre. Mulvey calls for an eradication of female sexual objectivity, aligning herself with second-wave feminism. This paper. Feminist theory, or feminism, is support of equality for women and men. An amazing feminist author who does this kind of work today, particularly as it pertains to women of colour is non other than bell hooks. Clover further argues that the "Final Girl" in the psychosexual subgenre of exploitation horror invariably triumphs through her own resourcefulness, and is not by any means a passive, or inevitable, victim. Although largely originating in the West, feminism is manifested worldwide and is represented by various institutions committed to activity on behalf of women’s rights and interests. Feminist theory and various forms of feminist critique began long before the formal naming of the school of literary criticism. Ettinger's notions articulate the links between aesthetics, ethics and trauma. “In the Name of Feminist Film Criticism. Shopping. There were two waves of feminism. Considering the way that films are put together, many feminist film critics have pointed to what they argue is the "male gaze" that predominates classical Hollywood filmmaking. Feminists have many approaches to cinema analysis, regarding the film elements analyzed and their theoretical underpinnings. [9], From 1985 onward the Matrixial theory of artist and psychoanalyst Bracha L. Ettinger[10] revolutionized feminist film theory. She argues that in order for women to be equally represented in the workplace, women must be portrayed as men are: as lacking sexual objectification. Feminist theory includes many ideas, and may be frustrating for someone seeking a one-sentence answer to the question ‘what makes a view feminist?’ However, this characteristic of feminism is not new or particular to contemporary, third-wave, global feminism or ecofeminism. Janet Bergstrom's article “Enunciation and Sexual Difference” (1979) uses Sigmund Freud's ideas of bisexual responses, arguing that women are capable of identifying with male characters and men with women characters, either successively or simultaneously. However, Rosen and Haskell argue that these images are still mediated by the same factors as traditional film, such as the "moving camera, composition, editing, lighting, and all varieties of sound." A recent outburst was created around the television series Game of Thrones for it’s graphic rape scene of a minor which was not in the book the film was based off- a director’s choice. 36 Full PDFs related to this paper. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Feminist Film Theory and Criticism Judith Mayne The Ambivalent Terrain The female narrator of Marie Cardinal's 1975 autobiographical novel, The Words to Say It (Les Mots pour le dire), follows a course shaped by issues that bear remarkable resemblance to those that have defined feminist film theory and criticism over the last decade. More recently, scholars have expanded their work to include analysis of television and digital media. It is a failure to portray truthfully the fullness of the lives, perspectives and humanity of women. Mulvey identifies three "looks" or perspectives that occur in film which, she argues, serve to sexually objectify women. Feminism film theory 1. We have come a long way (white women) from the kind of experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace, the kind of prevalent sexual harassment that took place during these times is most recently reenacted in today’s hit t.v. The best way to summarize Feminist Film Theory is this: Most movies are made by men and controlled by men. A first phase of thought has, it seems, been achieved. [4], Mulvey proposes in her notes to the Criterion Collection DVD of Michael Powell's controversial film, Peeping Tom (a film about a homicidal voyeur who films the deaths of his victims), that the cinema spectator's own voyeurism is made shockingly obvious and even more shockingly, the spectator identifies with the perverted protagonist.
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